Does the main washing effect of soap come from foam?Soap and rain water, why does it not rinse off?Fireplace window: Can one influence how fast soot is building up?What is the effect of oxygen on soap foam?Where did all the elements come from?Why it is hard to rinse off soap from your body using rain waterSoaps come in different colors, but why is soap lather always white?What is the grey film/black sludge from mercury? How to remove it?Washing stainless steel separator from organic residueThe chemical reaction between lemon juice and polystyrene foam cupsWhat does borax do in and to the washing machine?
How do I check if a string is entirely made of the same substring?
Why doesn't the standard consider a template constructor as a copy constructor?
What does MLD stand for?
Is there a word for the censored part of a video?
How long after the last departure shall the airport stay open for an emergency return?
Why do games have consumables?
Negative Resistance
Do I need to watch Ant-Man and the Wasp and Captain Marvel before watching Avengers: Endgame?
Can a stored procedure reference the database in which it is stored?
Is Diceware more secure than a long passphrase?
std::unique_ptr of base class holding reference of derived class does not show warning in gcc compiler while naked pointer shows it. Why?
What does a straight horizontal line above a few notes, after a changed tempo mean?
Work requires me to come in early to start computer but wont let me clock in to get paid for it
Which big number is bigger?
Multiple fireplaces in an apartment building?
Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there?
Does a large simulator bay have standard public address announcements?
Extracting Dirichlet series coefficients
Contradiction proof for inequality of P and NP?
How do I deal with a coworker that keeps asking to make small superficial changes to a report, and it is seriously triggering my anxiety?
What to do with someone that cheated their way through university and a PhD program?
Multiple options vs single option UI
Is it acceptable to use working hours to read general interest books?
Why is the underscore command _ useful?
Does the main washing effect of soap come from foam?
Soap and rain water, why does it not rinse off?Fireplace window: Can one influence how fast soot is building up?What is the effect of oxygen on soap foam?Where did all the elements come from?Why it is hard to rinse off soap from your body using rain waterSoaps come in different colors, but why is soap lather always white?What is the grey film/black sludge from mercury? How to remove it?Washing stainless steel separator from organic residueThe chemical reaction between lemon juice and polystyrene foam cupsWhat does borax do in and to the washing machine?
$begingroup$
I am curious if the main cleaning effect of soap comes from its foam (or, maybe, it is just a by-product).
Here are some points, that might clarify what I mean:
- Does foam sort of "carry" dirt and germs away from the surface?
- If it is not the "main motor", which makes the soap function: is it possible to make a soap which will still be as effective without it producing any foam?
- What percent of the cleaning work, if any, does foam undertakes (i.e. how effective would soap be against germs and dirt without its foaming ability)?
everyday-chemistry cleaning
New contributor
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I am curious if the main cleaning effect of soap comes from its foam (or, maybe, it is just a by-product).
Here are some points, that might clarify what I mean:
- Does foam sort of "carry" dirt and germs away from the surface?
- If it is not the "main motor", which makes the soap function: is it possible to make a soap which will still be as effective without it producing any foam?
- What percent of the cleaning work, if any, does foam undertakes (i.e. how effective would soap be against germs and dirt without its foaming ability)?
everyday-chemistry cleaning
New contributor
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I am curious if the main cleaning effect of soap comes from its foam (or, maybe, it is just a by-product).
Here are some points, that might clarify what I mean:
- Does foam sort of "carry" dirt and germs away from the surface?
- If it is not the "main motor", which makes the soap function: is it possible to make a soap which will still be as effective without it producing any foam?
- What percent of the cleaning work, if any, does foam undertakes (i.e. how effective would soap be against germs and dirt without its foaming ability)?
everyday-chemistry cleaning
New contributor
$endgroup$
I am curious if the main cleaning effect of soap comes from its foam (or, maybe, it is just a by-product).
Here are some points, that might clarify what I mean:
- Does foam sort of "carry" dirt and germs away from the surface?
- If it is not the "main motor", which makes the soap function: is it possible to make a soap which will still be as effective without it producing any foam?
- What percent of the cleaning work, if any, does foam undertakes (i.e. how effective would soap be against germs and dirt without its foaming ability)?
everyday-chemistry cleaning
everyday-chemistry cleaning
New contributor
New contributor
edited Apr 21 at 15:31
Liam
1237
1237
New contributor
asked Apr 21 at 12:53
Filipp W.Filipp W.
1395
1395
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Foam is a side effect of using a tensio-active agents (though some tensio-active agents are engineered to produce as little foam as possible, e.g. in washing machines). In fact, you could consider that, if soap has nothing better to do, it will form foam. This answers some of your questions: foam does not (really) carry away dirt and its percentage of efficiency in the whole process is low.
Molecules of soap are made of 2 parts: a hydrophobic tail (which loves fat, grease, lipids, whatever you call them) and a hydrophilic head which loves water, and hate lipids.
When the hydrophobic tails are busy linking to a greasy stain or grease on your hands, they no longer participate into forming bubbles/foam.
The easiest way to verify that is to pour a little bit of oil in your hands and rub them. Wash your hands with soap a first time: there will be almost no foam. Now rinse your hands and wash them again: there should be much more foam!
Note that it does not mean that your hands are cleaner, regarding bacteria, but just that they are less greasy!
If you want to remove bacteria, rub your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds. So-called "anti-bacterial" soaps do not achieve better and promote bacterial resistance.
$endgroup$
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The foaming action of soap was put there as a sort of "indicator" that something is happening. It's a marketing strategy because people are ignorant about how soap works. The bubbles are just air pockets and have no effect on cleanliness.
New contributor
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "431"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);
else
createEditor();
);
function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);
);
Filipp W. is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fchemistry.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f113103%2fdoes-the-main-washing-effect-of-soap-come-from-foam%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Foam is a side effect of using a tensio-active agents (though some tensio-active agents are engineered to produce as little foam as possible, e.g. in washing machines). In fact, you could consider that, if soap has nothing better to do, it will form foam. This answers some of your questions: foam does not (really) carry away dirt and its percentage of efficiency in the whole process is low.
Molecules of soap are made of 2 parts: a hydrophobic tail (which loves fat, grease, lipids, whatever you call them) and a hydrophilic head which loves water, and hate lipids.
When the hydrophobic tails are busy linking to a greasy stain or grease on your hands, they no longer participate into forming bubbles/foam.
The easiest way to verify that is to pour a little bit of oil in your hands and rub them. Wash your hands with soap a first time: there will be almost no foam. Now rinse your hands and wash them again: there should be much more foam!
Note that it does not mean that your hands are cleaner, regarding bacteria, but just that they are less greasy!
If you want to remove bacteria, rub your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds. So-called "anti-bacterial" soaps do not achieve better and promote bacterial resistance.
$endgroup$
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Foam is a side effect of using a tensio-active agents (though some tensio-active agents are engineered to produce as little foam as possible, e.g. in washing machines). In fact, you could consider that, if soap has nothing better to do, it will form foam. This answers some of your questions: foam does not (really) carry away dirt and its percentage of efficiency in the whole process is low.
Molecules of soap are made of 2 parts: a hydrophobic tail (which loves fat, grease, lipids, whatever you call them) and a hydrophilic head which loves water, and hate lipids.
When the hydrophobic tails are busy linking to a greasy stain or grease on your hands, they no longer participate into forming bubbles/foam.
The easiest way to verify that is to pour a little bit of oil in your hands and rub them. Wash your hands with soap a first time: there will be almost no foam. Now rinse your hands and wash them again: there should be much more foam!
Note that it does not mean that your hands are cleaner, regarding bacteria, but just that they are less greasy!
If you want to remove bacteria, rub your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds. So-called "anti-bacterial" soaps do not achieve better and promote bacterial resistance.
$endgroup$
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Foam is a side effect of using a tensio-active agents (though some tensio-active agents are engineered to produce as little foam as possible, e.g. in washing machines). In fact, you could consider that, if soap has nothing better to do, it will form foam. This answers some of your questions: foam does not (really) carry away dirt and its percentage of efficiency in the whole process is low.
Molecules of soap are made of 2 parts: a hydrophobic tail (which loves fat, grease, lipids, whatever you call them) and a hydrophilic head which loves water, and hate lipids.
When the hydrophobic tails are busy linking to a greasy stain or grease on your hands, they no longer participate into forming bubbles/foam.
The easiest way to verify that is to pour a little bit of oil in your hands and rub them. Wash your hands with soap a first time: there will be almost no foam. Now rinse your hands and wash them again: there should be much more foam!
Note that it does not mean that your hands are cleaner, regarding bacteria, but just that they are less greasy!
If you want to remove bacteria, rub your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds. So-called "anti-bacterial" soaps do not achieve better and promote bacterial resistance.
$endgroup$
Foam is a side effect of using a tensio-active agents (though some tensio-active agents are engineered to produce as little foam as possible, e.g. in washing machines). In fact, you could consider that, if soap has nothing better to do, it will form foam. This answers some of your questions: foam does not (really) carry away dirt and its percentage of efficiency in the whole process is low.
Molecules of soap are made of 2 parts: a hydrophobic tail (which loves fat, grease, lipids, whatever you call them) and a hydrophilic head which loves water, and hate lipids.
When the hydrophobic tails are busy linking to a greasy stain or grease on your hands, they no longer participate into forming bubbles/foam.
The easiest way to verify that is to pour a little bit of oil in your hands and rub them. Wash your hands with soap a first time: there will be almost no foam. Now rinse your hands and wash them again: there should be much more foam!
Note that it does not mean that your hands are cleaner, regarding bacteria, but just that they are less greasy!
If you want to remove bacteria, rub your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds. So-called "anti-bacterial" soaps do not achieve better and promote bacterial resistance.
answered Apr 21 at 13:18
SteffXSteffX
2,154410
2,154410
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
add a comment |
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
5
5
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
$begingroup$
Anti-bacterial soaps are better at killing bacteria. It's just that normal soap is already amazing at killing bacteria, and humans are resistant enough that the difference is essentially non-existent for a normal healthy human. It's certainly very noticeable where people aren't healthy.
$endgroup$
– Luaan
Apr 21 at 15:31
9
9
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
$begingroup$
@Luaan Normal soap doesn't "kill" bacteria at all. Rather, the surfactants in soap allow the bacteria to be washed away. This is why hand-washing technique is also so important, and why water alone (no soap) is still surprisingly effective when no other options are available. If you want a biocidal effect, you need an anti-bacterial soap. But, as pointed out here, the efficacy levels are not significantly higher (although they do increase the longer you rub the soap around, unlike the surfactant effect, which peaks after a certain minimal amount of time), and they promote resistance.
$endgroup$
– Cody Gray
Apr 21 at 16:47
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The foaming action of soap was put there as a sort of "indicator" that something is happening. It's a marketing strategy because people are ignorant about how soap works. The bubbles are just air pockets and have no effect on cleanliness.
New contributor
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The foaming action of soap was put there as a sort of "indicator" that something is happening. It's a marketing strategy because people are ignorant about how soap works. The bubbles are just air pockets and have no effect on cleanliness.
New contributor
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The foaming action of soap was put there as a sort of "indicator" that something is happening. It's a marketing strategy because people are ignorant about how soap works. The bubbles are just air pockets and have no effect on cleanliness.
New contributor
$endgroup$
The foaming action of soap was put there as a sort of "indicator" that something is happening. It's a marketing strategy because people are ignorant about how soap works. The bubbles are just air pockets and have no effect on cleanliness.
New contributor
New contributor
answered Apr 21 at 16:58
DumbassahedratronDumbassahedratron
272
272
New contributor
New contributor
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
add a comment |
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
1
1
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
$begingroup$
This is not true for "normal" soap, but is true for some "detergents".
$endgroup$
– Hot Licks
Apr 21 at 19:08
1
1
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Actually, it is. You can make some soap yourself and it'll only foam slightly, if you don't add foaming agent like producers do.
$endgroup$
– Mithoron
Apr 21 at 22:05
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
$begingroup$
Made soap yesterday and have been making soap for personal use for several years. I use the standard oil/lard process. This soap foams quite well, in my experience. The bubbles seem finer, and the froth seems "creamier".
$endgroup$
– Tim Nevins
Apr 22 at 16:10
add a comment |
Filipp W. is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Filipp W. is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Filipp W. is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Filipp W. is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fchemistry.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f113103%2fdoes-the-main-washing-effect-of-soap-come-from-foam%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown