3 Following Descartes but in the opposite direction: I exist. Something has made the assertion in the previous sentence and must have thought it to do so. Therefore my thoughts exist. Combining with the direction established by Descartes I have cogito ⇔ sum . Since assuming either is equiavlent to assuming the other I conclude that Descartes does not establish existence as following from something more basic or fundamental. Instead he has merely stated a tautology. Am I right or wrong? Or both, or neither? ontology descartes share | improve this question asked yesterday Dzamo Norton

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Queiggey Chernihiv Чернігівська область —   Queiggey   — Brattagh Armys Soiaghey Wheiggey Chernihiv er caslys-çheerey yn Ookraan Co-ordnaidyn: 51°20′N 32°04′E  /  51.333°N 32.067°E  / 51.333; 32.067 Co-ordnaidyn: 51°20′N 32°04′E  /  51.333°N 32.067°E  / 51.333; 32.067 Çheer Yn Ookraan Bunneeaght  - 15 J. Fouyir 1932 Bunnit Preeu-valley Chernihiv Reiltys  - Kiannoort Volodymyr Ivashko  - Caairliagh Nataliya Romanova Eaghtyr  - Yn clane 31,865 km² (12,303.1 mi ker) Earroo yn phobble (2006)  - Yn clane 1,156,609   - Glooaght y phobble 36.3/km² (94/mi ker) Cryss hraa EET (UTC+2)  - Sourey (TTSL) EEST (UTC+3) Coad ISO 3166 UA-74 Recortyssey carbyd CB Ynnyd-eggey www.cg.gov.ua She queiggey 'syn Ookraan hwoaie eh Queiggey Chernihiv (Ookraanish: Чернігівська область Chernihiv’ka oblast’ ) ny Chernihivshchyna (Ookraanish: Чернігівщина ) myr t'eh enmyssit d