Do all Sino-Korean words have exactly one reading?Are there rules that govern how certain characters are pronounced and when?Are ordinary native Korean speakers capable of understanding individual Japanese kanji words in written form?Why do product labels often have emphasized 한자?Linking sound in 11월 and 12월Does Korean have something like Japanese Ateji (当て字)?Middle Korean Tones for Chinese Loan WordsChinese character pronunciation in Japanese vs KoreanIs the use of Hanja in Korean associated with Traditional (rather than simplified) Chinese characters?식식하게 or 씩씩하게 목소리 높여? Which did I hear in a song?What do the characters I've found on this old gun mean?

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Do all Sino-Korean words have exactly one reading?


Are there rules that govern how certain characters are pronounced and when?Are ordinary native Korean speakers capable of understanding individual Japanese kanji words in written form?Why do product labels often have emphasized 한자?Linking sound in 11월 and 12월Does Korean have something like Japanese Ateji (当て字)?Middle Korean Tones for Chinese Loan WordsChinese character pronunciation in Japanese vs KoreanIs the use of Hanja in Korean associated with Traditional (rather than simplified) Chinese characters?식식하게 or 씩씩하게 목소리 높여? Which did I hear in a song?What do the characters I've found on this old gun mean?













6















In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha". Roughly, those Japanese words are two words for the same thing, which are written the same way.



What is the situation in Korean? Given a Sino-Korean word, does it have exactly one reading as in Mandarin1, or could it have several readings as in Japanese?




1: Yes, I know there's more to it.










share|improve this question
























  • 한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

    – Taegyung
    yesterday












  • Thanks @Taegyung

    – Wilson
    yesterday















6















In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha". Roughly, those Japanese words are two words for the same thing, which are written the same way.



What is the situation in Korean? Given a Sino-Korean word, does it have exactly one reading as in Mandarin1, or could it have several readings as in Japanese?




1: Yes, I know there's more to it.










share|improve this question
























  • 한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

    – Taegyung
    yesterday












  • Thanks @Taegyung

    – Wilson
    yesterday













6












6








6








In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha". Roughly, those Japanese words are two words for the same thing, which are written the same way.



What is the situation in Korean? Given a Sino-Korean word, does it have exactly one reading as in Mandarin1, or could it have several readings as in Japanese?




1: Yes, I know there's more to it.










share|improve this question
















In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha". Roughly, those Japanese words are two words for the same thing, which are written the same way.



What is the situation in Korean? Given a Sino-Korean word, does it have exactly one reading as in Mandarin1, or could it have several readings as in Japanese?




1: Yes, I know there's more to it.







pronunciation hanja sino-korean-words






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited yesterday









Taegyung

71013




71013










asked yesterday









WilsonWilson

1536




1536












  • 한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

    – Taegyung
    yesterday












  • Thanks @Taegyung

    – Wilson
    yesterday

















  • 한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

    – Taegyung
    yesterday












  • Thanks @Taegyung

    – Wilson
    yesterday
















한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

– Taegyung
yesterday






한자 Hanja means individual characters. What you are asking about is 한자어, or Sino-Korean words. (Words, not characters!) Edited question accordingly, please review.

– Taegyung
yesterday














Thanks @Taegyung

– Wilson
yesterday





Thanks @Taegyung

– Wilson
yesterday










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















4














Probably you know that a Hanja character may have more than one pronunciation. For example, 樂 has seven different pronunciations, 락, 악, 낙, 요, 료, 록, 로. (낙 is derived by the word-initial rule 두음법칙 applied to 락. 료, 록, 로 are very rare readings which have few usage, mostly for reading particular phrases in classical Chinese texts.)



When a Hanja character can be read in more than one way, its pronunciation for a particular word is decided either by pronunciation rules (which are quite regular and predictable), or by difference in meanings. (For example, 樂 means 'joyful' when read 락, 'music' when read 악, and 'to like or enjoy' when read 요.) Given a word, it is rarely the case that a Hanja character can be read in more than one way. Either it will violate a pronunciation rule, or end up in an awkward meaning when pronounced in a way different from the "correct" one. However, there are very few words when this happens. That is, more than one meaning of a character can be used to make sense of the word, ending up in a different pronunciation of it.



One example is 更新. 更 is read either 경 or 갱. When read 경, it means 'to fix, replace, or change'. ('고칠 경') When read 갱, it means 'to repeat, or to do something again'. ('다시 경') The second character 新 basically means 'new', and has a unique reading 신.



So 갱신(更新) means 'to do something again to make it new', as in renewing a house rent at the end of the contract. You would say "계약을 갱신하다" in Korean, 계약 being contract.



On the other hand, 경신(更新) literally means 'to replace a thing with something new, and it usually means 'to break a record (and make a newer high score).' You would say "기록을 경신하다" in Korean, 기록 being record.



In some other cases, the choice of pronunciation becomes arbitrary. One example is about the character 暴. It has a wide range of meanings, and has three different pronunciations, 폭, 포, and 박. When it means 'violent or fierce', it can be pronounced either 폭 or 포 ('사나울 폭/포'). A handful of words with the character allows arbitrary choice between 폭 and 포, while others have a fixed reading. One of those words is 흉폭(凶暴). 凶 means 'brutal', and the word means 'brutal and violent.' It can be read as either 흉포 or 흉폭.



To summarize, it is VERY rare for a Sino-Korean word of same characters have more than one pronunciation, but there are a few cases. The different reading may be because of a different meaning, or may just be open to arbitrary choice.






share|improve this answer






























    2














    In all character-using languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), the core principle is the same: characters, or a combination of characters, have as many readings as the number of words they represent.




    In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha".




    Think carefully about why this is true: you know it says fēngchē because fēngchē is a word.



    Similarly, you are unsure if it's kazaguruma or fūsha because they are both words. You are definitely sure, for example, that it's not kazekuruma, because kazekuruma is not a word. We can clear the reading up by providing some context: the word fūsha only means windmill, while the word kazaguruma can mean both windmill and pinwheel (among others). So, when you see a sentence like




    ね、風が吹いているよ、風車を回そう。



    Hey, the wind is blowing, let's spin some 風車




    you will be pretty sure that 風車 is not pronounced fūsha, because you won't say to your friend to play with some windmill buildings. Similarly, if you see




    銀行




    you will be pretty sure that it is not pronounced yínxíng in Mandarin, because yínxíng is not a word.




    All Sino-xenic languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) have assigned characters to both Chinese-imported words/morphemes and native words/morphemes. The difference between Japanese and the other two is that Japanese tend to assign characters to polysyllabic words which sound nothing like the Chinese reading, while Korean and Vietnamese tend to assign characters to single-syllable native morphemes or words only if they also sound similar (there are exceptions, of course). Most of the time, multiple readings for hanja exist only if Chinese already had multiple readings.



    Single-character multi-reading words are abundant; an easy way to find multi-reading Sino-Korean multiple-character words is to firstly go through a list of multi-reading Chinese words (e.g. 多音詞 on 百度), and seeing if any of them are imported into Korean. Here's one for 落魄:




    enter image description here




    This corresponds to Korean




    enter image description here







    share|improve this answer






















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      2 Answers
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      4














      Probably you know that a Hanja character may have more than one pronunciation. For example, 樂 has seven different pronunciations, 락, 악, 낙, 요, 료, 록, 로. (낙 is derived by the word-initial rule 두음법칙 applied to 락. 료, 록, 로 are very rare readings which have few usage, mostly for reading particular phrases in classical Chinese texts.)



      When a Hanja character can be read in more than one way, its pronunciation for a particular word is decided either by pronunciation rules (which are quite regular and predictable), or by difference in meanings. (For example, 樂 means 'joyful' when read 락, 'music' when read 악, and 'to like or enjoy' when read 요.) Given a word, it is rarely the case that a Hanja character can be read in more than one way. Either it will violate a pronunciation rule, or end up in an awkward meaning when pronounced in a way different from the "correct" one. However, there are very few words when this happens. That is, more than one meaning of a character can be used to make sense of the word, ending up in a different pronunciation of it.



      One example is 更新. 更 is read either 경 or 갱. When read 경, it means 'to fix, replace, or change'. ('고칠 경') When read 갱, it means 'to repeat, or to do something again'. ('다시 경') The second character 新 basically means 'new', and has a unique reading 신.



      So 갱신(更新) means 'to do something again to make it new', as in renewing a house rent at the end of the contract. You would say "계약을 갱신하다" in Korean, 계약 being contract.



      On the other hand, 경신(更新) literally means 'to replace a thing with something new, and it usually means 'to break a record (and make a newer high score).' You would say "기록을 경신하다" in Korean, 기록 being record.



      In some other cases, the choice of pronunciation becomes arbitrary. One example is about the character 暴. It has a wide range of meanings, and has three different pronunciations, 폭, 포, and 박. When it means 'violent or fierce', it can be pronounced either 폭 or 포 ('사나울 폭/포'). A handful of words with the character allows arbitrary choice between 폭 and 포, while others have a fixed reading. One of those words is 흉폭(凶暴). 凶 means 'brutal', and the word means 'brutal and violent.' It can be read as either 흉포 or 흉폭.



      To summarize, it is VERY rare for a Sino-Korean word of same characters have more than one pronunciation, but there are a few cases. The different reading may be because of a different meaning, or may just be open to arbitrary choice.






      share|improve this answer



























        4














        Probably you know that a Hanja character may have more than one pronunciation. For example, 樂 has seven different pronunciations, 락, 악, 낙, 요, 료, 록, 로. (낙 is derived by the word-initial rule 두음법칙 applied to 락. 료, 록, 로 are very rare readings which have few usage, mostly for reading particular phrases in classical Chinese texts.)



        When a Hanja character can be read in more than one way, its pronunciation for a particular word is decided either by pronunciation rules (which are quite regular and predictable), or by difference in meanings. (For example, 樂 means 'joyful' when read 락, 'music' when read 악, and 'to like or enjoy' when read 요.) Given a word, it is rarely the case that a Hanja character can be read in more than one way. Either it will violate a pronunciation rule, or end up in an awkward meaning when pronounced in a way different from the "correct" one. However, there are very few words when this happens. That is, more than one meaning of a character can be used to make sense of the word, ending up in a different pronunciation of it.



        One example is 更新. 更 is read either 경 or 갱. When read 경, it means 'to fix, replace, or change'. ('고칠 경') When read 갱, it means 'to repeat, or to do something again'. ('다시 경') The second character 新 basically means 'new', and has a unique reading 신.



        So 갱신(更新) means 'to do something again to make it new', as in renewing a house rent at the end of the contract. You would say "계약을 갱신하다" in Korean, 계약 being contract.



        On the other hand, 경신(更新) literally means 'to replace a thing with something new, and it usually means 'to break a record (and make a newer high score).' You would say "기록을 경신하다" in Korean, 기록 being record.



        In some other cases, the choice of pronunciation becomes arbitrary. One example is about the character 暴. It has a wide range of meanings, and has three different pronunciations, 폭, 포, and 박. When it means 'violent or fierce', it can be pronounced either 폭 or 포 ('사나울 폭/포'). A handful of words with the character allows arbitrary choice between 폭 and 포, while others have a fixed reading. One of those words is 흉폭(凶暴). 凶 means 'brutal', and the word means 'brutal and violent.' It can be read as either 흉포 or 흉폭.



        To summarize, it is VERY rare for a Sino-Korean word of same characters have more than one pronunciation, but there are a few cases. The different reading may be because of a different meaning, or may just be open to arbitrary choice.






        share|improve this answer

























          4












          4








          4







          Probably you know that a Hanja character may have more than one pronunciation. For example, 樂 has seven different pronunciations, 락, 악, 낙, 요, 료, 록, 로. (낙 is derived by the word-initial rule 두음법칙 applied to 락. 료, 록, 로 are very rare readings which have few usage, mostly for reading particular phrases in classical Chinese texts.)



          When a Hanja character can be read in more than one way, its pronunciation for a particular word is decided either by pronunciation rules (which are quite regular and predictable), or by difference in meanings. (For example, 樂 means 'joyful' when read 락, 'music' when read 악, and 'to like or enjoy' when read 요.) Given a word, it is rarely the case that a Hanja character can be read in more than one way. Either it will violate a pronunciation rule, or end up in an awkward meaning when pronounced in a way different from the "correct" one. However, there are very few words when this happens. That is, more than one meaning of a character can be used to make sense of the word, ending up in a different pronunciation of it.



          One example is 更新. 更 is read either 경 or 갱. When read 경, it means 'to fix, replace, or change'. ('고칠 경') When read 갱, it means 'to repeat, or to do something again'. ('다시 경') The second character 新 basically means 'new', and has a unique reading 신.



          So 갱신(更新) means 'to do something again to make it new', as in renewing a house rent at the end of the contract. You would say "계약을 갱신하다" in Korean, 계약 being contract.



          On the other hand, 경신(更新) literally means 'to replace a thing with something new, and it usually means 'to break a record (and make a newer high score).' You would say "기록을 경신하다" in Korean, 기록 being record.



          In some other cases, the choice of pronunciation becomes arbitrary. One example is about the character 暴. It has a wide range of meanings, and has three different pronunciations, 폭, 포, and 박. When it means 'violent or fierce', it can be pronounced either 폭 or 포 ('사나울 폭/포'). A handful of words with the character allows arbitrary choice between 폭 and 포, while others have a fixed reading. One of those words is 흉폭(凶暴). 凶 means 'brutal', and the word means 'brutal and violent.' It can be read as either 흉포 or 흉폭.



          To summarize, it is VERY rare for a Sino-Korean word of same characters have more than one pronunciation, but there are a few cases. The different reading may be because of a different meaning, or may just be open to arbitrary choice.






          share|improve this answer













          Probably you know that a Hanja character may have more than one pronunciation. For example, 樂 has seven different pronunciations, 락, 악, 낙, 요, 료, 록, 로. (낙 is derived by the word-initial rule 두음법칙 applied to 락. 료, 록, 로 are very rare readings which have few usage, mostly for reading particular phrases in classical Chinese texts.)



          When a Hanja character can be read in more than one way, its pronunciation for a particular word is decided either by pronunciation rules (which are quite regular and predictable), or by difference in meanings. (For example, 樂 means 'joyful' when read 락, 'music' when read 악, and 'to like or enjoy' when read 요.) Given a word, it is rarely the case that a Hanja character can be read in more than one way. Either it will violate a pronunciation rule, or end up in an awkward meaning when pronounced in a way different from the "correct" one. However, there are very few words when this happens. That is, more than one meaning of a character can be used to make sense of the word, ending up in a different pronunciation of it.



          One example is 更新. 更 is read either 경 or 갱. When read 경, it means 'to fix, replace, or change'. ('고칠 경') When read 갱, it means 'to repeat, or to do something again'. ('다시 경') The second character 新 basically means 'new', and has a unique reading 신.



          So 갱신(更新) means 'to do something again to make it new', as in renewing a house rent at the end of the contract. You would say "계약을 갱신하다" in Korean, 계약 being contract.



          On the other hand, 경신(更新) literally means 'to replace a thing with something new, and it usually means 'to break a record (and make a newer high score).' You would say "기록을 경신하다" in Korean, 기록 being record.



          In some other cases, the choice of pronunciation becomes arbitrary. One example is about the character 暴. It has a wide range of meanings, and has three different pronunciations, 폭, 포, and 박. When it means 'violent or fierce', it can be pronounced either 폭 or 포 ('사나울 폭/포'). A handful of words with the character allows arbitrary choice between 폭 and 포, while others have a fixed reading. One of those words is 흉폭(凶暴). 凶 means 'brutal', and the word means 'brutal and violent.' It can be read as either 흉포 or 흉폭.



          To summarize, it is VERY rare for a Sino-Korean word of same characters have more than one pronunciation, but there are a few cases. The different reading may be because of a different meaning, or may just be open to arbitrary choice.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered yesterday









          TaegyungTaegyung

          71013




          71013





















              2














              In all character-using languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), the core principle is the same: characters, or a combination of characters, have as many readings as the number of words they represent.




              In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha".




              Think carefully about why this is true: you know it says fēngchē because fēngchē is a word.



              Similarly, you are unsure if it's kazaguruma or fūsha because they are both words. You are definitely sure, for example, that it's not kazekuruma, because kazekuruma is not a word. We can clear the reading up by providing some context: the word fūsha only means windmill, while the word kazaguruma can mean both windmill and pinwheel (among others). So, when you see a sentence like




              ね、風が吹いているよ、風車を回そう。



              Hey, the wind is blowing, let's spin some 風車




              you will be pretty sure that 風車 is not pronounced fūsha, because you won't say to your friend to play with some windmill buildings. Similarly, if you see




              銀行




              you will be pretty sure that it is not pronounced yínxíng in Mandarin, because yínxíng is not a word.




              All Sino-xenic languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) have assigned characters to both Chinese-imported words/morphemes and native words/morphemes. The difference between Japanese and the other two is that Japanese tend to assign characters to polysyllabic words which sound nothing like the Chinese reading, while Korean and Vietnamese tend to assign characters to single-syllable native morphemes or words only if they also sound similar (there are exceptions, of course). Most of the time, multiple readings for hanja exist only if Chinese already had multiple readings.



              Single-character multi-reading words are abundant; an easy way to find multi-reading Sino-Korean multiple-character words is to firstly go through a list of multi-reading Chinese words (e.g. 多音詞 on 百度), and seeing if any of them are imported into Korean. Here's one for 落魄:




              enter image description here




              This corresponds to Korean




              enter image description here







              share|improve this answer



























                2














                In all character-using languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), the core principle is the same: characters, or a combination of characters, have as many readings as the number of words they represent.




                In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha".




                Think carefully about why this is true: you know it says fēngchē because fēngchē is a word.



                Similarly, you are unsure if it's kazaguruma or fūsha because they are both words. You are definitely sure, for example, that it's not kazekuruma, because kazekuruma is not a word. We can clear the reading up by providing some context: the word fūsha only means windmill, while the word kazaguruma can mean both windmill and pinwheel (among others). So, when you see a sentence like




                ね、風が吹いているよ、風車を回そう。



                Hey, the wind is blowing, let's spin some 風車




                you will be pretty sure that 風車 is not pronounced fūsha, because you won't say to your friend to play with some windmill buildings. Similarly, if you see




                銀行




                you will be pretty sure that it is not pronounced yínxíng in Mandarin, because yínxíng is not a word.




                All Sino-xenic languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) have assigned characters to both Chinese-imported words/morphemes and native words/morphemes. The difference between Japanese and the other two is that Japanese tend to assign characters to polysyllabic words which sound nothing like the Chinese reading, while Korean and Vietnamese tend to assign characters to single-syllable native morphemes or words only if they also sound similar (there are exceptions, of course). Most of the time, multiple readings for hanja exist only if Chinese already had multiple readings.



                Single-character multi-reading words are abundant; an easy way to find multi-reading Sino-Korean multiple-character words is to firstly go through a list of multi-reading Chinese words (e.g. 多音詞 on 百度), and seeing if any of them are imported into Korean. Here's one for 落魄:




                enter image description here




                This corresponds to Korean




                enter image description here







                share|improve this answer

























                  2












                  2








                  2







                  In all character-using languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), the core principle is the same: characters, or a combination of characters, have as many readings as the number of words they represent.




                  In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha".




                  Think carefully about why this is true: you know it says fēngchē because fēngchē is a word.



                  Similarly, you are unsure if it's kazaguruma or fūsha because they are both words. You are definitely sure, for example, that it's not kazekuruma, because kazekuruma is not a word. We can clear the reading up by providing some context: the word fūsha only means windmill, while the word kazaguruma can mean both windmill and pinwheel (among others). So, when you see a sentence like




                  ね、風が吹いているよ、風車を回そう。



                  Hey, the wind is blowing, let's spin some 風車




                  you will be pretty sure that 風車 is not pronounced fūsha, because you won't say to your friend to play with some windmill buildings. Similarly, if you see




                  銀行




                  you will be pretty sure that it is not pronounced yínxíng in Mandarin, because yínxíng is not a word.




                  All Sino-xenic languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) have assigned characters to both Chinese-imported words/morphemes and native words/morphemes. The difference between Japanese and the other two is that Japanese tend to assign characters to polysyllabic words which sound nothing like the Chinese reading, while Korean and Vietnamese tend to assign characters to single-syllable native morphemes or words only if they also sound similar (there are exceptions, of course). Most of the time, multiple readings for hanja exist only if Chinese already had multiple readings.



                  Single-character multi-reading words are abundant; an easy way to find multi-reading Sino-Korean multiple-character words is to firstly go through a list of multi-reading Chinese words (e.g. 多音詞 on 百度), and seeing if any of them are imported into Korean. Here's one for 落魄:




                  enter image description here




                  This corresponds to Korean




                  enter image description here







                  share|improve this answer













                  In all character-using languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), the core principle is the same: characters, or a combination of characters, have as many readings as the number of words they represent.




                  In Mandarin, if you see "風車", you know it says "fēngchē". But in Japanese, if you see the same two characters, you don't know if it's "kazaguruma" or "fūsha".




                  Think carefully about why this is true: you know it says fēngchē because fēngchē is a word.



                  Similarly, you are unsure if it's kazaguruma or fūsha because they are both words. You are definitely sure, for example, that it's not kazekuruma, because kazekuruma is not a word. We can clear the reading up by providing some context: the word fūsha only means windmill, while the word kazaguruma can mean both windmill and pinwheel (among others). So, when you see a sentence like




                  ね、風が吹いているよ、風車を回そう。



                  Hey, the wind is blowing, let's spin some 風車




                  you will be pretty sure that 風車 is not pronounced fūsha, because you won't say to your friend to play with some windmill buildings. Similarly, if you see




                  銀行




                  you will be pretty sure that it is not pronounced yínxíng in Mandarin, because yínxíng is not a word.




                  All Sino-xenic languages (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) have assigned characters to both Chinese-imported words/morphemes and native words/morphemes. The difference between Japanese and the other two is that Japanese tend to assign characters to polysyllabic words which sound nothing like the Chinese reading, while Korean and Vietnamese tend to assign characters to single-syllable native morphemes or words only if they also sound similar (there are exceptions, of course). Most of the time, multiple readings for hanja exist only if Chinese already had multiple readings.



                  Single-character multi-reading words are abundant; an easy way to find multi-reading Sino-Korean multiple-character words is to firstly go through a list of multi-reading Chinese words (e.g. 多音詞 on 百度), and seeing if any of them are imported into Korean. Here's one for 落魄:




                  enter image description here




                  This corresponds to Korean




                  enter image description here








                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered yesterday









                  drooozedroooze

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